English 6 Golden Rules of Tenses (สูตร Tenses)

1. will = future
2. v. to be + v.ing = continuous
3. v. to have + v.3 = perfect
4. to + V. infinitive
5. MOD + V. infinitive
6. v. to be + v.3 = passive

MODal auxiliary verbs = will, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might, must 

Key worlds:

Active form

Present

Present simple [S+v.1 (s,es)]

adverbs of frequency e.g. always, usually, sometimes, rarely, seldom, never

every〜

The sun always rises in the east.

I go to school by bus every day. 

Present continuous [S+ is,am,are + V.ing]

Now

At the moment

She is cooking in the kitchen now.

At the moment, we are studying English.

Present perfect [S+ have/has+ V.3]

Since + a point of the beginning (e.g. when I was child, two weeks ago, last summer)

for + a period of time (e.g.two years, one month, a short time)

I have studied English for a long time.

She has been in Europe when she was 10.

Past

Past simple [S+v.2]

Yesterday

Last〜

〜ago

He went to England last summer.

They had a terrible toothache yesterday.

Past continuous [S+ was/were + V.ing]

While + past con

When + past sim

The dog bit me while I was walking in the park.

I was walking in the park when the dog bit me.

Past perfect [S+ had+ V.3]

before + past simple

by the time + past simple

after + past perfect

The train had left before I arrived.

I arrived after the train had left.

By the time she woke up, her mom had already gone out.

Future

Future Simple [S+will+V.infinitive]

tomorrow, next 〜

I will go the party next weekend. 

Subject and Predicate

ประโยค (Sentences) หมายถึง กลุ่มคำหรือข้อความที่กล่าวออกมาแล้วมี ใจความสมบูรณ์

ประโยคจะประกอบด้วยส่วนใหญ่ 2 ส่วน คือ

1.            ภาคประธาน (Subject)

2.            ภาคแสดง (Predicate)

ภาคประธาน	ภาคแสดง
He	shouted.
Mary	was selfish.
The loose door	rattled all night.
Those students	study hard for their exam.

ภาคประธาน

ภาคประธานอาจมีได้หลายรูปแบบ เช่น

1.   เป็นคำนาม เช่น The man walked in the rain.

2.  เป็นคำสรรพนาม เช่น He was a policeman.

3.   เป็นอนุประโยค เช่น What he described frightened everybody.

4.  เป็น gerund เช่น Writing was her hobby.

5.  เป็น gerund phrase เช่น Working in the South is dangerous.

6. เป็น infinitive เช่น To swim is a good exercise.

7.  เป็น infinitive phrase เช่น To escape from the prisonseems impossible for him.

 หมายเหตุ ในบทเรียน 2.8 เรื่อง subject and predicateนักเรียนจะได้วิเคราะห์ประธานที่อยู่ในรูปของคำนาม และคำสรรพนามเท่านั้น ส่วนประธานที่อยู่ในรูปอื่นๆ นักเรียนจะได้เรียนต่อไปในหน่วยที่ 2.11 คำนาม และ 2.12 คำกริยา ต่อไป

ภาคแสดง

ภาคแสดงจะต้องประกอบด้วยคำกริยา และมีกรรมที่รวมเรียกว่า Verb Completion หรือ ส่วนขยายที่เรียกว่า Verb Modifiers

1. Verb Completion

She knows my name.

Many people complained a lot about air pollution.

2. Verb Modifiers (adverb)

The teacher should speak nicely to the children.

Students can be observed in all classrooms. 

เฉลยแบบฝึกหัดหน้า 26-27 เรื่อง Subject and Predicate Subject

SubjectPredicateExercise A
1. John and I went for a walk in the evening.
2. This is where I come to buy groceries.
3. Hundreds of people visit the museum every week.
4. The moon is the earth's natural satellite.
5. Mrs Banks took her nephew to the zoo yesterday.
6. The liver is the largest internal organ in the body.
7. All the students were eagerly waiting for the art class.
8. Our dog Peppy is very playful.
9. Video games and online games are very popular with adult and children alike.
10. Birds that live in cold places migrate to warmer regions in winter.
11. Almost everyone agreed with each other.
12. The cruel king was hated by all his subjects.
13. The entire town was destroyed by the earthquake.
14. The newly-wed couple bought a house in the city.
15. A loud noise woke me up in the middle of the night.
16. Mother and father along with my brother have gone out.
17. How the people crowd the station.
18. Can you tell me the name of the girl?
19. Take this message to the central office.

*** เนื่องจากเป็นประโยคคำสั่ง (imperative sentence) ประธานจึงถูกละไว้ในฐานที่เข้าใจ นั้นก็คือ you แต่ไม่ปรากฏให้เห็นในรูปประโยค
20. Where did you find those antique vases?

Conjunctions: Answer

A. Complete the sentences with appropriate conjunctions.

1. I will buy the book because it is not expensive.
2. Wait till it stops raining unless you will get wet.
3. Tina and Jen love animals.
4. I was working late in the night so I was sleepy.
5. I will not help unless he asks me to.
6. I played basketball everyday when I was young.
7. I called her up many times but she did not answer.
8. My mother was very happy because I told her I had won the prize.
9. The weather was awful so we could not go out.
10. She cried because she felt lonely.

B. Complete the sentences using conjunctions from the box.

1. You cannot be a teacher although you have a teaching degree.
2. Although my scooter is old , it still runs well.
3. Do you want a chocolate or vanilla ice cream?
4. The dog heard a sound so it started barking.
5. I would like to attend the concert but not this week.
6. You will be late unless you leave immediately.
7. Tom and Maria were a team for the competition.
8. Let's wait until the rain stops.
9. She began to cry because she was very unhappy.
10. I have been waiting for the show to start since 9 o'clock.

C. Read the sentences and complete them with suitable endings.
1. I want to go to the party but I have so much homework to do.
2. I liked the film because it is very exciting.
3. I saw him when I was walking home.
4. We waited until the rain stopped.
5. You will not success unless you study harder.
6. She was rude to me yet I still love her.
7. Mrs Thomas will die unless he is sent to the hospital now.
8. Do you know when is my birthday.
9. We were tried of her behavior so we don't talk to her.
10. This is an expensive and limited watch.

Preposition: Answer

1. The children are swimming in the river.
2. I think there is someone at the door.
3. They were in the bus when it began to rain.
4. We stood one after other in the queue.
5. There was a big truck in front of me, so I couldn't drive fast.
6. She spoke in our club about environment pollution.
7. He is in prison for his crimes.
8. You can see an ice-cream shop on the corner of the street.
9. We live on the ground floor in our apartment.
10. Write the password on a piece of paper.
11. The dog is hiding under the sofa.
12. Please put the fruit in the bowl. 

A. Complete these sentences with the right prepositions.

1. The shop is closed on Sundays.
2. I looked for my bag for two hours , but I could not find it.
3. The fair lasted for two weeks.
4. The noisy neighbours were playing music all at the night.
5. I came home late in the evening.
6. I am going to London on Saturday.
7. It snows very little here in the winter.
8. I love going for walks on a sunny day.
9. I have a meeting at 9 o'clock.
10. The World Cup will begin in May this year.
11. I play tennis for two hours every day.
12. In five years time , I want to publish my own book.

B. Complete the sentences by choosing the right prepositions from the brackets.

1. I never drink coffee after breakfast.
2. The manager left the room during the meeting to answer a phone call.
3. Sarah is usually in a tearing hurry in the mornings because she has to leave home very early.
4. My friend has invited me to her birthday party on Sunday.
5. Tom is going to France in December meet his fiancee.
6. He was born on Christmas day.
7.  I lived in Greece in the 1990s.
8. Tanya learned to drive a car in four weeks!
9. The children usually wake up at 8 o'clock on Sundays.
10. On Saturday night we decided to go to a late night film.
11. What did you do on the weekend?
12.John settled down to read a book before dinner since he had come home early.

Pronouns : Answer

A.Complete the sentences using the right pronoun in the brackets.

1. The Nile is a river in Africa. It is the longest river in the world.
2. I hurt myself while playing tennis yesterday.
3. Lewis Carroll was a writer. He wrote Alice in Wonderland.
4. The Eiffel Tower is in Paris. It is the tallest building in Paris.
5. At George's birthday party , his friends gifted him a book.
6. Lynn is a shy girl. She never talks about herself.
7. Is this pen yours?
    No , that is not mine.
8. When ill , you must take good care of yourself.
9. Fred and Nick have had a quarrel. But they must sort it out between themselves.
10.The tourists asked the policeman where they could find a good restaurant.
11.The Merino sheep is famous for its soft wool.
12.Harry asked Sam if he could help him.
13.Gina found herself very tired at the end of the day.
14.Walt Disney was a filmmaker who created Mickey Mouse.

1. This dish isn’t very good but that one tastes very nice! (this,that).  

2. Look at those necklaces on that shelf. Aren’t they lovely? (that,those)

3. Do you like these fruits? I bought them just for you. (these,that)

4. What is the answer to these questions? (this,these)

5. This cake looks delicious! Where did you buy it form? (those,this)

6. I like that shirt you are wearing. (these,that)

B. Complete the sentences using distributive pronouns.

1. Either Joseph or Peter can show you the way. (Neither,Either)

2. Neither answer is correct. (Neither,None)

3. Each of you must sing a song. (Each,No one)

4. None of the solutions is right. Do the sum again. (Each,None)

5. Several people were invited but none attended. (each,none)

6. No one of them can complete the work today. (Neither,No one)

C. Complete the sentences using relative pronouns.

1. I would like to live in a town that is clean and noise-free. (that,who)

2. I am reading a book which I borrowed from the library. (which,whose)

3. The flowers which are growing in your garden are very pretty. (whom,which)

4. Who is the man that spoke to you just now? (which,that)

5. I have a friend who can perform magic trick. (whom,who)

6. Do you remember the name of the actress who won an Oscar this year?(whom,who)

7. This is the girl who had a accident. (whose,who)

8. Last week I saw a building which was really old. (who,which)

9. She like curries that are really hot! (that,who)

10. The book which you gave me is very interesting! (which,whom)

D. Combine the sentences using relative pronouns.

1. Joan is a lazy girl. She likes to sleep all the time

Joan is a lazy girl who likes to sleep all the time

2. My cousin lives in Singapore. It is thousands of miles away.

My cousin lives in Singapore where thousands of miles away.

3. The black car looks great. The car is behind us.

The black car which is behind us looks great.

4. The bird is flying over the trees. It must be an eagle.

The bird which is flying over the trees It must be an eagle.

5. My father is in the army. He will come home for the holidays.

My father who is in the army will come home for the holidays.

6. This is the book. I was telling you about it.

This is the book which is I was telling you about it.

Answers page 14-15

I am more patient than I was ten years ago.
She looks thinner than she did last year.
One must drive more carefully than usual near schools and hospitals.
I found the book more interesting than the film that was based on it.
It is warmer during the day than at night.
He is more talkative than his sister.
They are planning to move into larger flat.

Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system.
She is the nicest person I have met.
Verkoyansk is the coldest place on earth.
This was the most enjoyable holiday I have had.
Jim was wearing the most terrifying costume of all.
He is one of the most talented actor I have seen on stage.

This year is somehow warmer in March.
Singapore is the most humid place I'v been to.
Who is the fastest swimmer in our class?
Orangutans are supposed to be more intelligent than chimpanzees.
Let's us go out onto the balcony. It is more pleasant there.
This scarf is made from the finest silk.

Extra Exercise for Nouns

1. Which set of words is all “Proper nouns”?

1. Jack             Jim                   Tim                  student            Jake    

2. sugar            salt                   toothpaste       glasses             vinegar                                  
3. coffee          tea                   green tea          Oo-long tea     drinking water            

4. February      July                  June                 September       December

2. Which set of words is all “Common nouns”?

1. students       teacher             doctors            nurse                electrician       

2. New York    home               ocean               tower               pot                  

3. Malaysia      Thailand          Singapore        country             Laos                           

4. Florida         city                  New York       Canberra          Bangkok

3. Which set of words is all “Singular nouns”?

1. oxen            birds                roosters            butterfly          pigs

2. fish              rabbits             elephants         cats                  cows   

3. hen              dog                  wolf                 deer                 news   

4. sugar            salt                   toothpaste       glasses            vinegar                       

4. Which set of words is all “Plural nouns”?

1. students       teacher             doctors            nurse                electrician

2. potatoes       mango             strawberries     coconuts          bananas          

3. news            books               television         radio                magazine

4. oxen             birds                roosters            butterflies        pigs     

Answers:

1. Which set of words is all “Proper nouns”?

1. Jack             Jim                   Tim                  student            Jake    

2. sugar            salt                   toothpaste       glasses             vinegar                                  
3. coffee          tea                   green tea          Oo-long tea     drinking water            

4. February      July                  June                 September       December

2. Which set of words is all “Common nouns”?

1. students       teacher             doctors            nurse                electrician       

2. New York    home               ocean               tower               pot                  

3. Malaysia      Thailand          Singapore        country             Laos                           

4. Florida         city                  New York       Canberra          Bangkok

3. Which set of words is all “Singular nouns”?

1. oxen            birds                roosters            butterfly          pigs

2. fish              rabbits             elephants         cats                  cows   

3. hen              dog                  wolf                 deer                 news   

4. sugar            salt                   toothpaste       glasses            vinegar                       

4. Which set of words is all “Plural nouns”?

1. students       teacher             doctors            nurse                electrician

2. potatoes       mango             strawberries     coconuts          bananas          

3. news            books               television         radio                magazine

4. oxen             birds                roosters            butterflies        pigs     

Extra Exercise for Ariticles

Fill in the blank with the appropriate article, a, an, or the, or x if no article is needed.

1. I want ____ apple from that basket.

2. ____ church on the corner is progressive.

3. Miss Lin speaks ____ Chinese.

4. I borrowed ____ pencil from your pile of pencils and pens.

5. One of the students said, "____ professor is late today."

6 Eli likes to play ____ volleyball.

7. I bought ____ umbrella to go out in the rain.

8. My daughter is learning to play ____ violin at her school.

9. Please give me ____ cake that is on the counter.

10. I lived on ____ Main Street when I first came to town.

11. Albany is the capital of ____ New York State.

12. My husband's family speaks ____ Polish.

13. ____ apple a day keeps the doctor away.

14. ____ ink in my pen is red.

15. Our neighbors have ____ cat and ____ dog.

Answers:
1. I want an apple from that basket.

2. The church on the corner is progressive.

3. Miss Lin speaks x Chinese.

4. I borrowed the pencil from your pile of pencils and pens.

5. One of the students said, "the professor is late today."

6 Eli likes to play x volleyball.

7. I bought an  umbrella to go out in the rain.

8. My daughter is learning to play x violin at her school.

9. Please give me the cake that is on the counter.

10. I lived on x Main Street when I first came to town.

11. Albany is the capital of x New York State.

12. My husband's family speaks x  Polish.

13. an  apple a day keeps the doctor away.

14. The ink in my pen is red.

15. Our neighbors have a cat and a dog.